Guide To Learn
The termite proofing treatment should invariably be given in all types of buildings during the construction stage. It is because of the fact that during the post-construction period, it is extremely difficult and costly to control termite growth. Care should be taken to ensure that no bridge is formed between any part of the building […]
Building is a product involving time, material, labour and other resources under various constraints. Today’s construction scenario presents steeply escalating material costs and time overrun leading to project cost escalation, in spite of the earnest efforts to keep the situation within limits. The total costs of a building can be defined as the sum of […]
The defective or cracked portion of the concrete or plaster has to be removed. On doing this care should be taken that the cracks are entirely removed from the surface and a well-defined cavity is formed without affecting the good concrete or plaster. The size of the cut depends upon the size, depth and extent […]
Prevention is always better than cure. So in addition to proper design, planning and execution, proper control is necessary at every stage of construction. It is essentially because of ignorance, carelessness, greed and negligence that the failures occur. So utmost care must be there in dealing with all the factors mentioned above.
Cracks can occur in concrete as well as masonry works and can cause distress of the structure. Cracks can happen because of high ambient temperature, low humidity, improper curing, poor quality and improper combination of materials and above all poor workmanship. Vertical cracks in brickwork can happen because of foundation movement, thermal movement, overloading, drying […]
Concrete is the most important building material and the worldwide consumption of concrete today is 8.8 billion tons per year. Concrete, although a very durable material, can show loss of strength and deterioration in course of time because of various reasons. 25.1.1 Design deficiency Faulty design is one of the major causes of structural failure. […]
24.4.1 Elevators or lifts Elevators are used in buildings having more than four storeys. They are used for providing vertical transportation of passengers or freight. They can be either electric traction elevators or hydraulic elevators. Electric traction elevators are used exclusively in tall buildings. Hydraulic elevators are generally used for low-rise freight service which rises […]
24.3.1 Necessity of ventilation 24.3.2 Functional requirements of a ventilation system A ventilation system should meet the following functional requirements. 24.3.2.1 Rate of supply of fresh air The quantity of fresh air to be supplied to a room depends upon the use of the building to which it is subjected. The rate of supply of […]
It should be the objective of every engineer and architect, while planning and designing the buildings, that the structures offer sufficient resistance against fire so as to afford protection to the occupants in the event of fire. This objective is achieved by adequate planning, use of fire-resisting materials and construction techniques and by providing quick […]
Air conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space, such as comfort and health of human beings and other needs of the situation. 24.1.2 Purposes of air conditioning The principle involved in air conditioning is: 24.1.3 Principle […]