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A subbase provides a stable and uniform support for the pavement layers, while a base course distributes the traffic loads to the subgrade and provides additional strength and stiffness to the pavement structure.

The main types of pavement materials are asphalt (also known as bituminous or flexible pavement), concrete (also known as rigid pavement), and unbound granular materials (such as gravel or crushed stone).

A pavement management system is a systematic approach to evaluating, maintaining, and rehabilitating pavements, using data-driven techniques to optimize the allocation of resources, extend pavement life, and minimize life-cycle costs.

A traffic impact study is an analysis of the effects that a proposed development or project will have on the surrounding transportation system, including changes in traffic volumes, patterns, and safety. The study provides recommendations for mitigating adverse impacts and ensuring adequate transportation infrastructure is in place.

Green building materials are materials that are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and sustainable, often made from renewable resources, recycled content, or having low environmental impacts during their life cycle. Related Posts

An EIA is a systematic process used to identify, predict, evaluate, and mitigate the potential environmental impacts of a proposed development or project, with the goal of promoting sustainable development and minimizing harm to the environment.

An active solar heating system uses mechanical equipment, such as pumps or fans, to collect, store, and distribute solar energy, while a passive solar heating system relies on natural processes, such as convection and radiation, without the use of mechanical equipment.

Aeration is used in wastewater treatment to promote the growth of aerobic microorganisms, which break down organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide, water, and other harmless byproducts.

A sanitary sewer collects wastewater from homes, businesses, and industrial facilities for treatment at a wastewater treatment plant, while a storm sewer collects and conveys stormwater runoff from paved surfaces, roofs, and other impervious areas to prevent flooding and reduce water pollution.

A sedimentation basin is used to remove suspended solids from water through the process of gravity settling, allowing cleaner water to be drawn off for further treatment or discharge.