Guide To Learn
The water or hydrological cycle is a continuous natural process that helps in the exchange of water between the atmosphere, the land, the sea, living plants and animals. The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. Since the water […]
The biosphere in its widest sense consists of the earth’s crust, the atmosphere and the various species of life that exist in the zone 600 m above and 10,000 m below sea level. The biosphere is very large and complex and, hence, is divided into smaller units called ecosystems. An ecosystem consists of plants, animals […]
The environment consists of four segments – atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.
In this division, engineers and scientists assess the impacts of a proposed project on environmental conditions. They apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts on water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, and agricultural capacity and to study traffic impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, […]
Pollutants may be chemical, biological, thermal, radioactive or even mechanical. Environmental engineering emphasizes several areas: process engineering, environmental chemistry, water and sewage treatment (sanitary engineering), waste reduction/management and pollution prevention/clean-up. Environmental engineering is a synthesis of various disciplines, incorporating elements from the following: Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to the […]
Ever since people first recognized that their health and well-being were related to the quality of their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles to attempt to improve the quality of their environment. The ancient Harappan civilization utilized early sewers in some cities. The Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent drought and to create a clean, healthful […]
Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment to provide healthy water, air and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. Environmental engineering involves water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal and public health issues as well as knowledge of environmental engineering […]
The environment comprises everything that creates natural conditions for the existence of organisms including man, and it is a precondition for their further development. Its components are mainly air, water, minerals, soil and living organisms. The environment is born or created by nature and its growth or expansion is also set by nature itself. Man […]
The theodolite is the most accurate instrument used mainly for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It can also be used for locating points on a line, prolonging survey lines, finding the differences in elevations, setting out grades, ranging curves, etc. Depending upon the facilities provided for the reading of observations, the theodolites may be classified […]
This method consists in determining the difference of level between consecutive points by comparing each point, after the first, with that immediately preceding it. The difference between their staff readings indicates rise or fall depending on whether the staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that at the preceding point. The reduced […]