Guide To Learn
The Chromosomal DNA The DNA molecule may be circular or linear and can be composed of 100,000–10,000,000,000 nucleotides in a long chain. Typically, eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei) have large linear chromosomes and prokaryotic cells (cells without defined nuclei) have smaller circular chromosomes, although there are many exceptions to this rule. In addition, cells may […]
There are four types of RNA, each encoded by its own type of gene: Figure 1.9 Structure of a eukayotic mRNA Messenger RNA ‘The genetic information stored in the DNA, inside the nucleus, is conveyed to the ribosomes in the cytosol for the synthesis of proteins through the mRNA. Thus, the mRNA carries the genetic […]
The double-stranded structure of a DNA determines its biological function. Metabolic events involving unwinding impose great stress on the DNA because of the constraints inherent in the double helix. Molecular processes such as replication and transcription require the unwinding of the DNA double helix. While unwinding, correct topological tension in the DNA (super-helical density) should […]
Physical Properties of the DNA Size and shape The DNA molecules range in length from about 2 microns (virus) to 2.1cm (Drosophila’s largest chromosome) to 1.6—8.2 cm (human chromosome) (1 kb DNA = 103 base pairs = 0.34 × 10-6 m). Some DNA molecules are circular (E. coli chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, plasmidDNA) and some are linear (human DNA, T7 […]
The Chemical Nature of DNA and RNA The backbone of a nucleic acid is made of alternating pentose ‘sugar’ (deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA) and ‘phosphate’ molecules bonded together in a long chain. Each of the sugar groups in the backbone is attached to ‘nitrogenous base’. The ‘2′-deoxy-’ notation means that […]
DNA In most living organisms (except viruses), the genetic information is stored in the molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. DNA is made and it resides in the nucleus of the living cells. The name DNA was derived from the sugar molecule contained in its backbone—deoxyribose. The high molecular weight nucleic acid, DNA, is found […]
The complex systems of living organisms encompass hundreds to thousands of proteins that exist help us to carry out our daily functions. The information required to manage this complex system is stored in a set of molecules called ‘nucleic acids’. The three most abundant biological macromolecules are ‘proteins’, ‘nucleic acids’ and ‘polysaccharides’. The information-carrying molecules […]
A. The Fortran 2008 standard provides the execute_command_line intrinsic procedure to make system calls. Prior versions have no standard way to make system calls, but many compilers have an extension named “system” or something similar. Please consult the documentation of your compiler. In Fortran 2003, one can call C code, and it is possible to call the […]
A: Use an “internal read” or “internal write”. In effect, you use a character variable as the file name and read or write the I/O list. You write things like to convert a string to another type and to convert to a string from another type, as demonstrated by the following program: This answer is […]
A: Gfortran does not accept this block Gives, ERROR, file tag must be of type CHARACTER Can someone else help with this? A: See the answer above. Basically the way you have written the variable file_name is incorrect. Assuming that ITN has been declared as an integer and given a value.