Guide To Learn
The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying these blocks. They are of uniform size, light in weight and require no lifting appliances. The bricks are of various sizes. The actual size of a modular brick is 19 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm. With […]
Based on the arrangement of stones in the construction and the degree of refinement in the surface finish, the stone masonry can be classified broadly into the following two categories: 15.3.1 Rubble masonry In this type of construction, stones of irregular sizes are used. The stones as obtained from the quarry are taken to be […]
It is the art of building a structure with stones. The selection of material depends on the following: Table Showing Different Stones Used for Different Purposes Purpose Stone used Heavy engineering works like dock, breakwater,lighthouse, bridges, etc. Granite and gneiss Buildings situated in industrial towns Granite and compact sandstone Pavements and railway Granite and […]
The definitions of some important terms used in masonry are given below.
The following major types of mortars are recognized based on the type of the cementing material used in its preparation: lime mortars, cement mortars and gauged mortars are the most common types. 14.2.1 Lime mortars Lime mortars are defined as mixes of lime with fine sand and/or pozzolanic materials like surkhi, pumice, ash and cinder […]
The following are the major functions of mortar:
13.4.1 Spread footing This is the most common type of foundation and can be laid using open excavation by allowing natural slopes on all sides. This type of foundation is practicable for a depth of about 5 m and is normally convenient above the water table. The base of the structure is enlarged or spread […]
This is one of the most commonly used methods for determining the allowable bearing capacity of soils. 13.3.1 Working principle In this test the loading platform, consisting of a bearing plate of steel or cast iron or composite material made of wooden sleepers and steel joist, is subjected to a gradual increment of load and […]
The bearing capacity of soil is the maximum load per unit area which the soil or material in foundation, may be rock or soil, will support without displacement. Very often, a structure fails by unequal settlement or differential settlement. The allowable bearing capacity or the safe bearing capacity of a soil is obtained by dividing […]
A foundation is that part of the structure that is in direct contact with the ground. It is that part of the structure that transmits the weight of the structure to the ground. The foundation is, therefore, a connecting link between the structure proper and the ground that supports it. Foundation transfers the load of […]