DEFINITION OF TERMS
The definitions of some important terms used in masonry are given below.
TYPES OF MORTARS AND THEIR PREPARATION
The following major types of mortars are recognized based on the type of the cementing material used in its preparation: lime mortars, cement mortars and gauged mortars are the most common types. 14.2.1 Lime mortars Lime mortars are defined as mixes of lime with fine sand and/or pozzolanic materials like surkhi, pumice, ash and cinder […]
FUNCTIONS OF MORTAR IN BUILDING WORKS
The following are the major functions of mortar:
VARIOUS TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS WITH SKETCHES
13.4.1 Spread footing This is the most common type of foundation and can be laid using open excavation by allowing natural slopes on all sides. This type of foundation is practicable for a depth of about 5 m and is normally convenient above the water table. The base of the structure is enlarged or spread […]
PLATE LOAD TEST
This is one of the most commonly used methods for determining the allowable bearing capacity of soils. 13.3.1 Working principle In this test the loading platform, consisting of a bearing plate of steel or cast iron or composite material made of wooden sleepers and steel joist, is subjected to a gradual increment of load and […]
BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
The bearing capacity of soil is the maximum load per unit area which the soil or material in foundation, may be rock or soil, will support without displacement. Very often, a structure fails by unequal settlement or differential settlement. The allowable bearing capacity or the safe bearing capacity of a soil is obtained by dividing […]
PURPOSE OF PROVIDING A FOUNDATION
A foundation is that part of the structure that is in direct contact with the ground. It is that part of the structure that transmits the weight of the structure to the ground. The foundation is, therefore, a connecting link between the structure proper and the ground that supports it. Foundation transfers the load of […]
PLANNING REGULATIONS
12.2.1 Building line and control line The ‘building line’ refers to the line of building frontage, i.e., the line up to which the plinth of the building adjoining the street or an extension of street or on a future street may lawfully extend. This line is often known as set back or front building line […]
BUILDING COMPONENTS AND THEIR BASIC REQUIREMENTS
A building broadly consists of three parts: 12.1.1 Foundation The foundation is the most critical part of any structure and most of the failures are probably due to faulty foundations. Hence, it is highly essential to secure good foundation to maintain the stability of the structure. A good foundation must remain in position without sliding, […]
COST-EFFECTIVE MATERIALS
11.7.1 Fly ash Fly ash is an industrial waste from thermal power stations using coal as boiler fuel. Disposal of fly ash poses an operational constraint and is an environmental hazard. Annual generation of fly ash is 30 million tonnes. Fly ash can be used: 11.7.2 Soil-cement blocks These are a mixture of pulverized soil […]